A battery of common sense

1. One-time battery: it can not be reused after being used up.

Carbon zinc battery, alkaline battery, paste type zinc manganese battery, cardboard zinc manganese battery, alkaline zinc manganese battery, buckle type battery (buckle type zinc silver battery, buckle type lithium manganese battery, buckle type zinc manganese battery), zinc air battery, lithium manganese battery, mercury battery.

According to the use of isolation layer is divided into two types of paste and plate battery, plate and according to different electrolyte solution is divided into two types of C (ammonium) and P (zinc) paper board battery.

Traditional paste type zinc manganese dry battery, the positive electrode materials adopt active low natural manganese dioxide, spacer is starch and flour paste isolation layer, the electrolyte is H4CL ammonium chloride, zinc chloride aqueous solution, the cathode is zinc tube, its discharge performance is generally poor, low capacity, battery at the end of easy leakage, but the price is cheap.

Type C (ammonium) cardboard battery is on the basis of the paste type battery with plasma layer paper replaces the paste paper, not only the positive fill quantity to increase by about 30%, and 30-70% of the highly active replaces the natural manganese, so capacity is improved, the use scope to expand, more for small discharge current situations, such as used in clocks and watches, remote control, radio, flashlight, etc.

Type P (zinc) board using zinc chloride battery electrolyte, cathode material are all made of highly active manganese powder, such as electrolytic manganese manganese, activity, the leakproof performance is far higher than that of paste type and C type battery, multi-purpose at large current continuous discharge occasions, such as used in camera, flash order, tape recorder, razor, electric toys, etc.

Cylindrical alkaline zn-mn battery, also known as alkaline battery, commonly known as alkaline battery, zn-mn battery series in the best performance of the variety. Developed on the basis of zn-mn battery in the middle of the 20th century, it is an improved type of zn-mn battery. The battery uses potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution as electrolyte liquid, using the negative electrode structure and the opposite of the zinc manganese battery, the negative electrode is paste colloid inside, with copper nail as a fluid collection, the positive electrode outside, active substances and conductive materials are compressed into a ring and connected with the battery shell, positive and negative electrode separated by a special diaphragm.

The shell by general 08 f nickel plated steel strips made by cold stamping, at the same time as the anode fluid, electrolytic manganese dioxide battery anode materials into a circle on the inner wall of the cylinder, and to ensure good contact, the cathode using zinc powder and made into paste, in the middle of the battery, which insert the cathode set fluid (normally the cathode copper nail), set at the bottom of the fluid and the cathode is linked together, In the inner part of the battery, the positive electrode is separated by a diaphragm (isolation layer), and the outer part is separated by a nylon or polypropylene sealing ring. At the same time, the outer part of the battery is almost the same as that of the general battery.

2 Secondary battery: rechargeable and reusable

Secondary alkaline zn-mn batteries, ni-CD rechargeable batteries, ni-MH rechargeable batteries, li-ion rechargeable batteries, lead-acid batteries, solar cells. Lead acid battery can be divided into: open type lead acid battery, fully closed lead acid battery.

Nickel-cadmium batteries (NI-CD) chemical batteries (secONdary batteries)

Nickel metal hydride battery NI-MH

Li-ion batteries, lithium batteries

Lead acid batteries

Other other

Physical energy

Solar cellbatteries

Microbial battery

Polymer cell

Any kind of battery consists of four basic components. The four main components are electrodes, electrolytes, diaphragm and casing of two different materials.

3 Green battery

Refers to a class of high-performance, pollution-free batteries that have been put into use or are under development in recent years, including nickel metal hydride batteries, lithium ion batteries, mercury-free alkaline zn-mn batteries, fuel cells, solar cells (photovoltaic cells), etc.

4 Lead-acid battery

In 1859, Plante (France) found that it is composed of five basic parts, such as positive plate, negative plate, electrolyte, separator and container (battery tank). The battery is made of lead dioxide as active substance of positive electrode, lead as active substance of negative electrode, sulfuric acid as electrolyte, microporous rubber, sintered POLYvinyl chloride, glass fiber and polypropylene as separator.

5 cadmium nickel battery and metal hydride battery

Both use nickel oxide or nickel hydroxide as the positive electrode, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide aqueous solution as the electrolyte solution, metal cadmium or metal hydride as the negative electrode. Metal hydride battery was invented in the late 1980s by using the electrochemical reversibility of hydrogen absorption alloy and hydrogen release reaction. It is the leading product of small secondary battery.

6 lithium ion battery

Refers to the metal lithium or lithium compound as the active substance of the battery is generally called lithium battery, divided into primary lithium battery and secondary lithium battery.

A battery consisting of a carbon material that can insert and disinsert lithium ions instead of pure lithium as the negative electrode, a compound of lithium as the positive electrode, and a mixed electrolyte as the electrolyte.

The cathode of lithium-ion batteries usually consists of the active compound of lithium, while the cathode is carbon with a special molecular structure. The main component of the common cathode material is LiCoO2. When charged, the electric potential added to the battery's two poles forces the compound at the cathode to release lithium ions, which are embedded in the carbon of the anode molecule arranged in a lamellar structure. When they discharge, the lithium ions are liberated from the lamellar carbon and recombine with the positive electrode compound. An electric current is generated by the movement of lithium ions.

Although the principle of chemical reaction is very simple, many practical problems need to be considered in the actual industrial production: the material of the positive electrode needs additives to maintain the activity of repeated charging and charging; the material of the negative electrode needs to be designed at the molecular structure level to accommodate more lithium ions; In addition to maintaining stability, the electrolyte filled between the positive and negative terminals needs to be well conductive to reduce the internal resistance of the battery.

Although the lithium battery has almost no memory effect, the capacity of the lithium battery will still decline after repeated charging and discharging. The main reason is the change of the positive and negative electrode materials themselves. From the molecular level, the hole structure accommodating lithium ions on the positive and negative electrodes will gradually collapse and block. From a chemical point of view, the positive and negative electrode materials are inactive, and side reactions occur to generate other stable compounds. Physical conditions such as the gradual spalling of the cathode material eventually reduce the number of lithium ions in the battery that are free to move around during charging and discharging.

Overcharge and over discharge, permanent damage is the cathode of lithium batteries, look from the molecular level, can be intuitive understanding, anode carbon discharge will cause excessive release of lithium ion and its layer structure appeared to collapse, excessive charging will take too much lithium ion shoehorned into the structure of cathode carbon, and makes some of the lithium ion can no longer be released. This is why lithium batteries are usually equipped with control circuits for charging and discharging.

7 Fuel cell

A device that generates electricity by using a fuel (e.g. hydrogen or hydrogen-containing fuel) directly connected to an oxidizer (e.g. pure oxygen or oxygen in air). It has the characteristics of high efficiency, electrochemical reaction conversion efficiency of more than 40%, and pollution-free gas discharge.